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first transcontinental railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad (known originally as the "Pacific Railroad" and later as the "Overland Route") was a contiguous railroad line constructed in the United States between 1863 and 1869 west of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to connect the Pacific coast at San Francisco Bay with the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa. The rail line was built by three private companies: the original Western Pacific Railroad Company between Oakland and Sacramento, California (), the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.) (), and the Union Pacific Railroad Company westward to Promontory Summit from the road's statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs on the eastern shore of the Missouri River opposite Omaha, Nebraska ().〔(Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs, Iowa. dated March 7, 1864. ) (38th Congress, 1st Session SENATE Ex. Doc. No. 27)〕〔Cooper, Bruce C., (''"Riding the Transcontinental Rails: Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865–1881"'' ) (2005), Polyglot Press, Philadelphia ISBN 1-4115-9993-4. p. 11〕〔"Appleton's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide". New York: D. Appleton & Co., December, 1870. p. 236〕
Opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 with the ceremonial driving of the "Last Spike" (later often called the "Golden Spike") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit,〔Bowman, J.N. ("Driving the Last Spike at Promontary, 1869 ) California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, June 1957, pp. 96-106, and Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, September 1957, pp. 263-274.〕〔Hill, Thomas ("The Last Spike" ) San Francisco: Thomas Hill (privately published). January, 1881〕 the road established a mechanized transcontinental transportation network that revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West by bringing these western states and territories firmly and profitably into the "Union" and making goods and transportation much quicker, cheaper, and more flexible from coast to coast.
Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade (which the CPRR had acquired in 1867-68 ) to Alameda and Oakland (MP 6). (Service between San Francisco (0 ) and Oakland Pier (6 ) was provided by ferry.) The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to Ogden, UT (MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line was popularly known as the ''Overland Route'' after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962.〔Cooper, Bruce Clement (Ed), ''The Classic Western American Railroad Routes''. New York: Chartwell Books(US) / Bassingbourn: Worth Press (UK); 2010. ISBN 978-0-7858-2573-9; ISBN 0-7858-2573-8; BINC: 3099794. pp 44–45〕
==History==
The completion of a Pacific railroad marked the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line beginning as early as 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the ''New York Courier & Enquirer'' advocating the building of a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon, and in 1847 he submitted a Memorial to Congress entitled "Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean" seeking a charter to build such a road. In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives began its Report recommending the adoption of a proposed Pacific railroad bill by stating that: ''"The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument; it is conceded by every one. In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific, we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power."''〔("Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph" ) US House of Representatives, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 358. August 16, 1856〕
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